The Process of Action Research-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Use of Action research as a Strategy to Promote Social Change. Answer: Presentation Activity research includes a precise request that tries to improve social issues that influence our day by day lives(Strringer, 2008). Activity research has generally been related with crafted by Kurt Lewin who had a one of a kind view on this particular examination approach. His view was that it was repeating, dynamic and community oriented in nature. It is just through the rehashed patterns of arranging, watching and mirroring that people engaged with activity research are equipped for executing changes required for social development(Kemmis, 1988). Perspectives it as a shared procedure done by individuals with a typical intrigue. They additionally propose that it is basically done by members made up for lost time in a social circumstance that they want to improve. The significant contrasts between Action research and different kinds of examination utilized in critical thinking is the serious accentuation on the logical investigation which suggests that the analyst needs to contemplate the current issue methodicallly and guarantee that the intercession is guided by the hypothetical contemplations. A huge level of the scientists time is spent on adjusting the methodological instruments that will totally fit the exigencies of the issue, and furthermore on gathering, investigating and introducing information on a nonstop cycle basis.(O'Brien, 2001). The one of a kind traits that make activity research stand apart as a significant angle is the way that the individuals included are transformed into scientists, they learn best and are in every case all the more ready to apply exercises realized, when they do it without anyone else. Activity research has a social size in that the examination happens in genuine situations and target offering answers for true issues. The launcher of the examination, in contrast to different controls, doesnt have a goal of staying objective however rather he/she distinctively recognize their inclination to the next participants.(O'Brien, 2001). The procedure of activity examination might be clarified through rearranged models so as to guarantee that the means are surely known for a viable and result arranged procedure. Numerous rules are accessible particularly for educators wishing to participate in this examination procedure. (Strringer, 2008) In page 4 incorporates the activity research helix usually alluded to as the Look Act and Think model. The model has been utilized by the creator as a representation for significant procedures in real life examination to understudies. The model is appear underneath. Figure 1: Action Research Helix In the Look stage, data is assembled cautiously through looking, tuning in and recording. In the think stage, the scientist investigations the gathered information so as to recognize the noteworthy and significant highlights of the issue under examination. The recently planned data is utilized to concoct answers for the issue under investigation in the Act stage. The figure beneath is also intended to extend the key procedures in figure 1. This exhibits the Action Research cycle which comprises of five stages. Plan of the examination, assortment of information, investigation of information, correspondence of the results lastly making a move. This is a typical procedure of activity research enquiry. When planning the examination, analysts cautiously refine the issue that needs examination, think of a precise procedure of enquiry the check the legitimacy and morals of the work. Figure 2: Action Research Cycle The subsequent stage includes the specialist gathering information concerning the wonder of intrigue. The data is then investigated to check significant qualities of the issue. The results of the examination are then made accessible to the significant crowds by utilization of fitting media during the correspondence stage. The most basic piece of the activity research process is last advance which where the specialist makes a move regarding the result of the investigation. Those results are utilized to move in the direction of a goals of the issue at hand.(Strringer, 2008) Activity research is performed under 6 key standards. The reflexive investigate which guarantees that individuals think about issues and procedures the decisions are made on clear the understandings, predispositions, suppositions and concerns. This guarantees pragmatic records offer ascent to hypothetical considerations.(O'Brien, 2001) The persuasive investigate is required in understanding the connection between the wonder and its specific circumstance and furthermore between the components that are in the marvel. Key components that require center are the constituent components that have all the earmarks of being unsteady or are contrary to different components. These are destined to make changes. Communitarian asset is the third standard which surmises that each individual thoughts are similarly significant and critical and can be likely assets for making interpretive classes of examination, haggled among all the members. This guarantees thoughts borne from perceiving inconsistenc ies between a few perspectives and inside a solitary perspective are made conceivable. Hazard is the forward standard key to the evolving procedure, which challenges all the recently settled techniques for performing things. This prompted making of clairvoyant feelings of trepidation among the professionals. The greatest dread starts from the hazard to inner self coming from open conversations of ones translations and thoughts. Consequently the initiators of activity research utilize this guideline to lessen others fears and urge them to draw in clarifying the way that they as well, will be dependent upon a similar procedure, and paying little heed to the result, learning needs to happen. Plural Structure is the fifth guideline which requires a plural book for announcing. There will be a few records made express, with analyses and an order of choices for each activity introduced. This report along these lines goes about as a help for continuous conversations among the colleagues contrasted with a last finish of fact.(O'Brien, 2001) The last rule is Theory, practice and Transformation. Hypothesis educates practice, and afterward practice refines hypothesis, in an exceptionally consistent change. Much of the time, people groups activities are constantly founded on held presumptions and speculations. It is anyway dependent upon the scientists to make hypothetical defenses exact for the activities taken and to scrutinize the reason for those avocations. Down to earth applications that follow are exposed to assist examination in a transformative cycle which constantly continues substituting the accentuation among hypothesis and practice. Key presumptions A few presumptions are made during activity research. Precise reflexitivity is the consistent investigation of a people hypothetical and methodological presuppositions which empowers him to recognize the significance of different people groups meaning of theirs. Metaphysics then again includes the suspicions that comprise social reality and the worth ramifications urged in those suppositions. It is anyway difficult to portray the ontological suspicions associated with activity research, taking into account that activity research has created in different manners with gigantic contrasts in essential assumptions.(Nielsen, 2004). Having been the principal individual to utilize the idea of activity research,(lewin, 1946)s logical foundation was a significant ascribe to the externalization that is found in test social exploration like the one rehearsed in the Hawthorne tests. The significant component in the reports of Hawthornes tests referred to as predisposition and later named as Hawthorne impact was the genuine and genuine outcome in real life research. The analysts along these lines affected the field and drove it further to an adapting heading. Lewin in this manner saw the impact of the scientists as something gainful during the time spent making information. The responses to exploratory sociology were that Lewin thinks about the field as a type of lasting social change. He additionally accepted that generalization in sociology was gradual in the tyrant and undemocratic social directions in contemporary present day social orders. He was persuaded enough that a hierarchical and social reorientation whose expectation was to allocate to individuals and laborers greater duty was a significant solution for tyrant and that activity exploration could have an influence in reorientation towards a law based society.(Nielsen, 2004) Making social obligation on the shop floor or in the road through cooperation was a key rule for Lewin in his trials. He demonstrated that one cannot discover target laws on conduct in bunches that could be rebuilt by means of vote based and duty building. This very mentality went about as a guide in his comprehension of the examination procedure. It should in this way spread out a fair procedure where the scientist recognizes and shares data with professionals in the plan of issues and arrangements. An analyst who attempts to set up impartiality and autonomy can never get to his objective. This is on the grounds that the scientist will consistently wind up in a similar ontological condition as every other person. Connections between individuals are based on greeting and demands to accomplish something together subsequently this are a similar rule that we find in traditional hermeneutic human science, for example, Max Webers. He comprehends that a scientist is obliged to share his deliberate implications and qualities to the entertainer. Intelligent relations are anyway established in imparted esteems and associated with deliberate direction. Anyway as opposed to Webers and hermeneutic humanism, Skjervheim denies the requirement for endeavoring to decrease nonpartisanship or lessen the dedication. (S.C.Hine, 2013) In old style controlled examinations, particularly in subjective exploration interviews or in reviews, the analyst endeavors to concoct circumstances which just bode well because of the scientists venture. What is principally examined in such a case is a solidified reality, just practical to the requirements

Midterm paper (proposal development) Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Midterm (proposition improvement) - Research Paper Example These components are: (a) height the patient’s leader of the bed somewhere in the range of 30 and 45 degree except if restoratively contraindicated; (b) an every day sedation get-away and appraisal of status to ‘extubate’ except if medicinally contraindicated; (c) peptic ulcer prophylaxis; (d) profound vein apoplexy prophylaxis; (e) use ‘chlorhexidine’ for oral consideration. The whole pack was viewed as agreeable just if every one of the five things were consistent. A group was viewed as resistant if any thing was not performed. The needy variable for this writing audit is lessening the occurrence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) rate among Intensive Care Unit ICU quiet populace. VAP is characterized by pneumonia happening over 48 hours after patient have been ‘intubated’ and put on mechanical ventilation (Koeman et al., 2006). The patients more likely than not been liberated from any indication of pneumonia or chest contaminatio n in radiological pictures earlier VAP improvement. The ventilator-related pneumonia (VAP) rate is characterized as the quantity of ventilator-related pneumonias per 1,000 ventilator days (Garcia et al., 2009). The autonomous factors are execution of VAP pack, creating oral consideration convention utilizing ‘chlorhexidine’, usage of Nurse-actualized sedation convention, and Staff preparing program on VAP group. These autonomous factors are viewed as mediation to improve medicinal services providers’ consistence with VAP group and thus, decreases the occurrence of VAP. Oral consideration is characterized by purging of oral depression and oropharynx utilizing cholrhxidine each 2-4 hours for every as convention (Koeman, et al, 2006). Dynamic usage is characterized as giving different kinds of instructive projects (in-administration introduction, video, workshop) to all medicinal services suppliers on VAP , VAP rate, VAP related-difficulties, and VAP deterrent measu res (VAP group) (Hawe, Ellis, Cairns, and Longmate, 2009). Medical attendant actualized sedation convention characterizes a technique that controls a medical caretaker in regulating dose, for this situation, to ventilated patients dependent on their weight and level of awareness by utilizing Cambridge scale (Quenot et al., 2007) so as to forestall patients’ over sedation. There is rich research demonstrating that emergency clinics that actualize the VAP Bundle fundamentally diminish the rate of VAP. A semi test investigation of all grown-up persistent who admitted to ICU and required mechanical ventilation from 2006-2008 , the example size and examining plan were not referenced, uncovered that VAP group lessens the rate of VAP from 9.3 cases per 1000 ventilator day to 2.3 cases per 1000 ventilator day (p = .001) utilizing Box-and-bristle plot. Moreover, U graph uncovered that the general consistence with VAP expanded from 20 percent to 82 percent (Al-Tawfiq and Abed, 2010). A quantitative randomized, twofold visually impaired, fake treatment controlled preliminary investigation of 385 successive arbitrary examined grown-up ICU patients uncovered that topical oral sterilization with chlorhexidine lessens the occurrence of VAP by 65 percent (p = 0.012) for chlorhexidne and 55 percent (p = 0.030) for chlorhexidine/cholistin utilizing consecutive endurance examinations (Koeman et al., 2006). The subjective investigation of a comfort test of 10 enrolled nurses’ working in ICU, utilizing content examination, uncovered that nurses’

Types of Argumentative Essay Topics

Types of Argumentative Essay TopicsIf you are a student, you will probably find that there are many types of argumentative essay topics available to you. It is really not hard to write an argumentative essay, you just need to know what to write about. Here are some tips on how to write your argumentative essay.The first thing you need to do is figure out exactly what you want to say with your essay. This can be anything from an opinion piece to a review of a product or service. Whatever it is that you have in mind, you will need to prepare yourself beforehand.So, the next step is to think about who your audience is. Do you want your audience to read your essay, or do you want them to read your resource box? It is best to do both. Give the reader something that they will value as well as something that will make them want to take your essay, read it, and then also want to tell their friends about it.For instance, if you wanted to write an article about the pros and cons of having a pe t, you would want to research the pros and cons, and make sure that you covered them all when writing your essay. Make sure that you make your resource box interesting by giving them tips and tricks on caring for your pet and a few quotes from other pet owners.When you research and come up with your topic, you will want to decide on how you want to outline the topic. Some types of argumentative essay topics are written by the students, and then the authors explain what they mean in terms of an essay.Others are more of a question and answer type of essay where the students ask questions and explain the answers for the readers. You want to decide which type of essay you want to write so that you can write it.After you have chosen your topic, you will need to write your argument. This means that you will have to provide examples of your idea, you will have to support your idea with facts, and you will have to outline and summarize your idea. These are things that you should do before w riting the first word of your essay.After you have done all of these things, you will want to come up with the main point of your essay. This is the central point that you want to make so that it will be the focus of your essay. Make sure that you stick to this main point until the end.

People Who Can Help You on Election Day

When voters walk into a busy polling place on election day, they see a vast array of people, most of them rushing around, doing lots of different things. Who are these people and what is their function in the election? Besides (hopefully) lots of other voters waiting to vote, youll see: Poll Workers These people are here to help you vote. They check voters in, making sure they are registered to vote and are at the correct polling place. They hand out ballots and show voters where to deposit their ballots after voting. Perhaps most importantly, poll workers can show voters how to use the particular type of voting device being used. If you have any problems using the voting machines or are not sure how to use the machine to complete your ballot, by all means, ask a poll worker. Poll workers either volunteer or are paid a very small stipend. They are not full-time government employees. They are people who are donating their time to help make sure elections are conducted fairly and efficiently. If you run into any problems while voting or waiting to vote, ask a poll worker to help you. If you make a mistake while filling out your ballot, let a poll worker know before you leave the polling place. The poll worker can give you a new ballot. Your old ballot will either be destroyed or placed in a separate ballot box for damaged or incorrectly marked ballots. Election judges At most polling places, there will be one or two election officials or election judges. Some states require one Republican and one Democratic election judge at each polling place. Election judges ensure that the election is conducted fairly. They settle disputes over voter qualification and identification, deal with damaged and incorrectly marked ballots and take care of any other issues involving interpretation and enforcement of election laws. In states that allow Election Day voter registration, election judges also register new voters on Election Day. Election judges officially open and close the polling place and are responsible for the safe and secure delivery of sealed ballot boxes to the vote counting facility after the polls close. As regulated by state laws, election judges are chosen by a board of elections, county official, city or town official, or state official. If an election judge appears to be â€Å"too young to vote† to you, 41 of 50 states allow high school students to serve as election judges or poll workers, even when the students are not yet old enough to vote. Laws in these states typically require that students selected as election judges or poll workers be at least 16 years of age and in good academic standing at their schools.   Other Voters Hopefully, you will see many other voters inside the polling place, waiting their turn to vote. Once inside the polling place, voters may not try to convince others how to vote. In some states, such politicking is prohibited both inside and outside within a certain distance of the doors of the polling place. Exit Poll Takers Especially at lager precincts, exit poll takers, usually representing the media, may ask people leaving the polling place which candidates they voted for. Voters are NOT required to respond to exit poll takers.

Success Is Based On Innovation Through Creativity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2928 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? All organizations are chasing for forceful environmental factors, categorized by rapid changes. They are trying to change the product life cycles and globalization. It is perceptible that the organisations, those are technology based (mobile phones, cameras, laptops etc) are in the market environment need to be more innovative, more creative to endure in the high competition market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Success Is Based On Innovation Through Creativity" essay for you Create order Today success is based on innovation through creativity. In return it will give the advantages to the organisation and the same way to the 21st centurys economies. Consequently, Mumford and Gustafson (1988) quoted that the creativity and innovation are increasing significantly in todays world. 2.2 Defining Product Life Cycle: After developing a product it is introduced to the market. Then it gains more customers as it grows. Gradually the market becomes stable and the product move to the mature stage. At the next stage product is replaced the competitors product and then it declines form the market, in due course it has to withdraw from the market place. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2005), product life cycle is sales and growth of a product over its lifetime. Product life cycle involves five stages as follows: Figure 1: Product life cycle stages However Kotler (2003) said that the most of the product life cycles are divided into major four parts. Those are introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The curves of the product life cycles are represented as bell shaped which is also known by sales and profit life cycles. The figure shown below: Figure 2: Sales and profit life cycles Source: Kotler (2003) Introduction: In the product development stage, the producer or company finds a n ew product idea and began to think about all other related matters with marketing. In this stage sales of the company remain zero and only investment occurs. In the introduction stage, new product is introduced in the market and starts slow sales and growth for the product. Growth: In this stage product comes to a growth step. Then it gets rapid market recognition and increase the profit of the producer. Maturity: A product comes to maturity stage when most of the potential buyers purchase the product as a result of sales and growth. Profits start to go down in this stage. Many competitors also arise in some cases and it drives the products towards the decline stage. Decline: In this last stage of product life cycle sales fall and profit of the marketers also decline dramatically. This product life cycle is generalized because some products introduce and then just decline. Some has long maturity stage, so all the products do not fall in this cycle. Product life cycle (PLC) is one of the most controversial and enduring concepts of marketing however this model has been working as important marketing planning and strategy tools for over 30 years. 2.3 Defining Innovation: Innovation is defined as the successful execution of inventive ideas within an organisation (Amabile, 1998). Product innovation based on idea which ultimately focuses on a product innovation increases consumer utility. Though, Jauhari (2001) specified that there are some definitions which have not been expansively accepted yet, the term innovation is among them. On the other hand, the Commission of European Communities (2003) presented that the innovation is the process of successful adaptation, invention and development of uniqueness in the context of social and economic status. Today innovation does not only stand for new products or services, but also focus on new business plan. The model of business innovation is all about how the product or services is formed or how they are paid for. Such as Google, all the advertisement finances the service as a result the users or the customers do not have to pay them. The fashion chain ZARA, they have different business innovation by ha ving the clothing lines in the shop for some weeks, afterword they modify their clothing line for the following some weeks. This company is able to improvise with the new ideas to attract the customers. According to Mcfadzean et al (2005) where the customers and the suppliers both go through the process of new product developments, services and as well as new methods of commercialisation is define as innovation process. This process adds value and degree of novelty to the organisation. Weller et al. (2004) said that innovation and invention are one and the same. However, Allen (2003) argued that the innovation is different form invention, this innovation process which renovates the invention into something of use. Though Allen (2003) agreed that through the innovation process it can create the new ways of doing things. 2.4 Defining customer perceptions: In current economic situation it is very difficult to compete with one company to another. That means this rivalry situation is getting more and more furious. According to Boyle and Lathrop (2008), in some cases the relationship between retail price and customer perceptions of product durability has been ignored. However Farries et al. (2010) added, customer agreement has significant effects within organisations. The employees priority is to fulfilling the customers demand. Farries et al.(2010) also cited if these ratings drop then the whole scenario will change and it will affect the sales and profitability of the company. Customer satisfaction is an abstract thought of customer perception. John (2003) uttered, the success of the organisation depends on how the organisation appraise the customer satisfaction with their products or services. Moreover the organisations also need to target non customers in the same side of the existing customers. Now customer satisfaction and p erception becomes one of the most common performance measures. Understanding customer perception gives a business a competitive advantage and research and development as well as innovation activities fosters with the perception of having a close eye on the customers rather than competitors. Kano et al. (1984) who introduced a two dimensional model of a product or service where it was shown how to assure customer needs in the term of customers perception. Figure 3: Kanos customer satisfaction model Source: Kano et al. (1984) On the other hand the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) has better validity than any other customers measurement. Fornell et al. (1996) first introduced the American Customer Satisfactory model for ACSI. This is very common and cross industry model which can measures the oraganisations based on market performance. Figrure 4: The ACSI model Source: Fornell et al. (1996) According to Chang and Chen (2011) the service providers need to categori ze detailed elements in more specific way within the services and this is how the customers perception will increse in the aspect of the experience. 2.5 The nature of the product life cycle for component products: The shape of the product life cycle is concern about the level of innovative products. Calantone et al. (2003) said that the industry evolution can be changed based on the relationship between the market concentration and the firms supply chain relationship. This can be done by focusing different product strategies which have direct interaction with customer attitudes and needs. However, Stig (2009) disputed that the development strategy of the product, as each phase of product life cycle and these diverse features affect the organisations operation. Giachetti and Marchi (2010) added the technology based industry such as mobile phone and personal computer focus on competitive advantage via process innovation (for example, Dell), on the other hand some company may preferred to choose a different approach and go on with design innovation (for example, Nokia, Apple) 2.6 New Product Developments: Annacchino (2003), indicated that, a product plan consist with time periods, probability and resource requirements through the New Product Development (NPD). Creativity brings the success of a new product and it is only achievable by the best practice of an innovation. However, Annacchino (2003) also argued that organisations recent new product development movement is more effective by assisting the organisation. Intangible innovation can be ignored at this stage. It is assuming that, the active frame of Research and Development and product process requires purifying. On the other hand, these are absence in the internal innovation of the common organisation who desires to understand innovation. As per Sen and Haq (2011), a large number of small-medium sized firms are collaborated with external core and non core activities and this collaboration is involved with new product development. Cooper (2005) stated that the new product is the result of systematic approach which is based on the success of the best practice. The framework of new product development consists of five stages, which was identified by Cooper and Edgett (2001). The stages are: scoping, building the case, development, testing and validation launch. The decisions are made whether an innovation process goes to the next stage or not that depends on how the framework works within organisation. 2.7 Types of innovation: Innovation can be two types. It can be tangible such as new product development or intangible as new services and new work exercises. According to Ben and Radford (2002), innovation focuses on whether new or improved products, management, processes and organisational development. Hamel and Getz (2004) referred another two forms of innovation such as services and business model innovations. In addition, Hesselbein et al., (2002), proposed another two: technology and organisational innovation. 2.8 The expedition of innovation: An innovation process passes through an organisation to achieve a goal. It is important to realise the value of innovation it passes through the business. Innovation is important to business and it has support from several sources. According to Bean and Radford (2002), it is a fact that innovation holds the life force of a living adaption for an organisation. Develop a new business were inspected as perhaps sharing similarities in process. Though, the distinctions of an industrialist establishing a new project and the innovation expedition were apparently fundamental and restricting importance. Sharma (1999) distinguished that, there is absence of bureaucratic and risk adverse nature of an existing business in a new business. In the same way, large companies may not have flexibility whether this situation is accessible in small enterprising business. Bhat (2010) stated that the mechanism of innovation is to make new and improved products and services, it is required to adapt wit h the changes of markets, technologies and methods of competition. 2.9 Innovation and organisations: Over the last few years, innovation and accomplishing an innovative organisation have been increased widely. Innovation in a business may be restrained. Willams (1999) have demonstrated that, continuous innovation practices are often cause one dimensional innovations. Although, McAdam et al. (2000) argued that by exercising continuous improvement help to develop innovative organisations. Sharma et al. (2010) analysed the ten types of innovation process. These ten types of innovation are segregated into main four parts which are finance, process, offering and delivery. It has been argued that when a company can comply with any 3-4 types of innovation out of ten then the company can do the break through. The results clearly showed that there was support about the findings in this article. Such as TATA Consultancy Service (TSC), Gyan Shala, Dainik Bhaskar and another five well have known companies from India which are successful innovator by practicing 3-4 or even more from out of ten types of innovation. On the other hand Martinez-ros and Labeaga (2009) offered persuasive proposal of innovation activity correlated with sustain competitive advantages. However this is crucial for any organisation to success and to satisfy the customers just to by new product launch. Furthermore the authors added, the company can gain sustain competitive advantages by generating the knowledge from the company environment itself. The persistence is the key issue to obtain the knowledge. The findings of this article clearly support the results of the survey from the Spanish database, which was conducted by the authors from the manufacturing companies from the period of 1990 to 1999. The results supported authors persistence value. Present of persistence can lead the business to successful innovator alternatively absence of this can cause bias results. 2.10 Innovation Decision Process by Rogers: Rogers (2003) clarified a suitable model which helps to identify the process of innovation. There are five steps in this theoretical model. During an innovation this five steps outline the individuals progress. The five steps are followed by the next page: Figure 5: Rogers five steps Source: Rogers (2003) 2.10.1 Knowledge: This is the first step of this model. Rogers (2003) explained that knowledge is introduction of an innovation and it is important to realise it. This only happen when an organisation or an individual conscious of disappointment or frustration. Zaltman et al. (1973) added that an organisation who wants to implement innovation process need to aware of its allegations and benefits. 2.10.2 Persuasion: This step focus on the positive and negative forms of innovation. It indicates the attitude of the innovation rather than just to have knowledge about this. Persuasion involves with implication of the innovation and wishes for more information to evaluate. 2 .10.3 Decision: The third step is decision, which is engage to foresee the future of an innovation. Rogers (2003) in his model indicated two clear choices- adopt the innovation or reject the innovation. If the organisation decides to reject it then this process terminate here. Other than, if it is adopted by the company then move to the next level. Decision level can be more difficult for the organisation rather than an individual. As in organisation, the problem may arise due to unwillingness to change and unsupportive framework. 2.10.4 Implementation: The change or modifications, adjustment, re invention of the innovation are engage in this step. These types of changes are essential to implement the innovation process. This will give the company some great benefits to overcome the conflict. 2.10.5 Confirmation: This fifth step may be needed if any decision requires revising or emphasizing the innovations value and validity. If there is any dissatisfaction with the result or if there is any conflict of information then the innovation process can be terminated. Rogers (2003) suggested that, an innovation can be abandoned at any time when an organisation passes though these five steps. This innovation decision process model helps the organisation to seek the proper way to implement the innovation process within the company rather than going through the unplanned innovation. Nutley et al. (2002) stated that, this innovation decision process model is one of the most used quoted models. These five steps are ideal to restructure the organisations innovation process. Although not contesting the significance of this point, it may hamper the original business when operating the innovation process. Even though, Rogers (2003) innovation decision process model gives very significant structure for the purpose of this study. This model lends the elasticity to implement the process all the way through. As per Woodside and Biemans (2005), they used this innovatio n decision process model in an organisational perspective. 2.11 Innovation process management: Innovation process will only be succeeding when this process will work out with the organisations culture, environment and structure. Therefore, Senge (2006) evaluated that, organisational learning concept helps to put together the organisational add individual skills so that enormous change can flourish the competitive business environment. Kotter (1996) recommend that, adaptability, flexibility, accessibility combination will appear in 21st centurys company to do the team development. According to Williams (1999) spotted that, the demand of innovation generation and rewarding enterprises for example admire, chance to work out further innovation or financial benefit. 2.12 Potential stages for innovation to effect expedition: Project definition. There are some steps which potentially helps to outcome the excellent result throughout the innovation expedition. Hamel (2000) suggested that, exchanging the concept to the line managers, building a business concept, looking for a guarantor and structure support to functional occurrences in the structured process. Pinchot and Pellman (1999) distinguished that, to find out the best mix of innovation and to achieve the long term objective it is very important to make sure all the resources are distributed for structural process. Potential steps for innovation expedition are also recommended by Pinchot and Pellman (1999) below: Distributing idea to the managers Set up a Business plan. Find out a sponsor Gather support Action Figure 6: Potential stages for innovation expedition 2.13 Barriers and Support for innovation expedition: The total success of innovation depends on the practices during the innovation expedition. Lack of directions and testing the literature on developing innovative organisations lend a hand to diagnose the barriers that may be lead to the innovation expedition. In the same way supports to the innovative organisation might be performed as facility. Christensen and Raynor (2003) proposed the influences on the innovation expedition can be summarised as: Tangible resources to succeed such as assets, people, things. Processes that assist interaction, coordination, communication, Values that understand the difference between the new and old requirements such as the culture and criteria for decision making. Resistance to change, challenges to existing procedures are the main barriers to innovation process. Christensen and Raynor (2003) stated that, if the innovation process does not succeed, the main reason is managers and the organisations are incompetent or they do not underst and the value of innovation. It is not possible without being compromised the efficiency to fit innovative activities into daily routines. 2.14 Overview: The purpose of the literature review validates that if a business wants to survive and growth then the product life cycle and innovation are most important to them. However the internal innovation outcome process results the unlocking of innovation value. Existing literature focuses on the innovative organisation or offers theoretical concepts rather than pursue the realistic points to process the product life cycle and innovation within the company. Essentially innovation transforms the business and this crucial process need to manage in proper way. When this change comes to the organisation then the resistance began. Only by studying the proper innovation strategy could sustain the business and can overcome all the limitations. This is how innovation can be more effective into the business. The prospect of innovation and product life cycle strategy will provide the great effectiveness of understanding the customer perceptions in the aspect of innovation value.

The Analytical Versus Holistic Approach Of Leadership Essay

Overview In general, we are familiar with the quote managers do things right while leaders do the right things. In essence, the analytical versus the holistic approach of leadership addresses these two separate and distinct functions within an organization. For instance, a manager focuses on the daily operations of an organization with an emphasis on team delivery, budgeting, and supervising the employees. Contrarily, leaders within an organization focus their time on improvements and innovation. In particular, leaders can perform this function since they are not responsible for running the team and mired up in minutia. As a result, there is a misnomer that managers are leaders and leaders remain managers, but they are not exclusive. Therefore, being a manager and a leader requires different abilities and dispositions. With this in mind, management entails having the skills to plan, delegate, communicate, and motivation. An individual with the administrative skills may focus on the daily operations of an organization with an emphasis on team delivery, budgeting, and supervising the employees. Moreover, managers are working on organizational efficiency, speeding up the operation to cut costs and increasing productivity, and enforcing the rules and procedures. By having the proper leadership traits, managers can conceive the right decisions and accomplish these goals. As an illustration, consider a manager working on a budget, yet lacks the leadership characteristicShow MoreRelatedThe Analytical Versus Holistic Approach Of Leadership Essay3356 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction In general, we are familiar with the quote managers do things right while leaders do the right things. In essence, the analytical versus the holistic approach of leadership addresses these two separate and distinct functions within an organization. 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Principle of Information Security Case Study of PeopleSharz

Question: Discuss about thePrinciple of Information Securityfor Case Study of PeopleSharz. Answer: Siponen, M., Mahmood, M.A. and Pahnila, S., 2014. Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study.Information management,51(2), pp.217-224. Introduction The report depicts the problems that has been raised in an organization namely as PeopleSharz, an internet startup company, founded in the year of 2012. In order to develop its position in the competitive marketplace the organization is willing to adopt different business strategies. During analysis it has been found that the website of the company was attacked by the external hackers and the confidential data from the storage area are shared publically. In order to achieve financial stability PeopleSharz has started to analyze the technical problems of the organization. The background of the organization and related problems will be illustrated in this report. The reason behind hacking and dependencies and the critical success factors to the job will also be demonstrated in this report. Background and the Problem Analysis PeopleSharz, an Internet startup company founded in the year of 2012 and the founders of the company are Peter Tweet and Mark Bukerzerg. On 21st April, 2016 the website of the organization was hacked by the hackers and in a teleconference the shared data by the hackers are analyzed and found to be real. From the teleconference the organization came to know that the shared data are similar to the confidential data stored in the database of the organization. The hackers were successful to steal the data from the storage (Rodrigues et al. 2013). Due to this reason the security statement established by PeopleSharz is facing several questionnaires. The main reason behind the hacking was lack of data security or improper usage of encryption keys. The data stored in the database of PeopleSharz used public symmetric key for data encryption but the key was shared key and thus it become easier for the hackers to use the shared key (Fernandes et al. 2014). In order to decrypt the data hackers easily used the shared key. Improper data encryption was the major reason of data hacking. Cryptography is referred to as one of the major area of concern for every organization to maintain the security of the data. Nowadays, the networks used by different organizations are taking global form and information stored in the database is becoming digital (Mahajan and Sachdeva 2013). As information play the vital role, thus open communication channels and stealing of sensitive information are becoming the main target for the hackers. The modern set of cryptography provides robust technology set. However, many benefits and challenges are identified related to encryption (Deligiannidis, et al. 2013). It provides four basic services regarding information security. Encryption technique was used to secure the information and the communication from the unauthenticated users. Authentication is another helpful tool of encryption process which provides authentication such as MAC and digital signature. Digital signature helps to prevent spoofing, snooping and DOS attacks. In addition to this, PeopleSharz encrypted its network traffic to avoid the threat vectors. Introduction of digital signature, and cloud based platform SaaS, PaaS, IaaS to enhance the level of data confidentiality (Li et al. 2013). The website is required to be developed with the help of SSL/TLS. Different operational procedures are adopted to develop the data security of the system. However, PeopleSharz is a startup internet based company, thus the cost estimated or the budget of development was not enough to implement cloud based solution and digital signature process to keep the security of the data. Lack of usage of data security package is one of the major reasons behind the data hacking. The administration or top level management team of PeopleSharz was not using proper data encryption technologies. Virus attacks or malicious attacks on the system administration helped the hackers to steal confidential data from the data storage (Fernandes et al. 2014). The database management system used by the organization must have been used encryption key. By using this technology only the authenticated users access the data stored in the storage. Data disruption, deception, active attack, passive attacks are the different kinds of attacks or hacking methodologies. Analysis of the Threats During threat analysis of PeopleSharz different threats are identified and these are as follows: Malware: This is the acronym of malicious software. Malware can either be software or a virus or a worm as well. The hackers generate programming codes and transmit it through website or network to the users device (Parashar and Arora 2013). If the user access those websites or network then the virus carried out by the site will attack the stored data. Computer virus: This s referred to as virus because it can travel from e infected device to another. Dishonest people generally use this kind of programs to attack the confidential data of an organization or any personnel (Bernstein, Lange and Schwabe 2012). Virus is also capable to delete data, store data or edit data rather virus can even change the content of the data. Rogue security software: This is a special kind of advertisement that forces one user to access the link. Generally, when people uses any kind of social media it has been found that sometimes advertisement regarding popup windows opens and forces the users to click on that particular link (Ren, Wang and Wang 2012). As soon as the user clicks on that link, unwanted malicious generates and attacks the data stored in the files of the device. Crypto wall 2.0 is an incident of data hacking where the users were unable to reassess their data until or unless they provide bit coins to the hackers (Boyle 2014). Botnet: This is referred to as a group of computers connected through a single internet network. Each single device connected to the device is known as zombie computer (Chen and Zhao 2012). This kind of attackers generally attacks the devices by using email or spam. The objective of DOS attack is to bring down a website application by overloaded user request rather it can be said that sometimes it has been found that one website is requested by many users and after each access the data stored in the website can be hacked by the hackers. Trojan horse: This is referred to as software that might attack by simple operating an application or by downloading. If any device is attacked by the Trojan horse then it can do everything (Singh 2013). Different records stored in the database of an organization, can be hijacked and those data can be used by any one regardless of the location and the geographical boundary of the users. Malicious spyware: The malicious spyware is generally used to describe different Trojan applications. The cyber criminals might used this kind of spyware to hack the confidential data of whether any organization or any individual (Deligiannidis, et al. 2013). Over the internet the recorded data can send back to the cyber attackers. Whenever, the top level management team of an organization wants to monitor the workflow or any employee, and then they use this kind of spyware to track the flow of the data. Spam: This is an electronic junk mail (Mahajan and Sachdeva 2013). The users devices might get attacked by the hackers by the usage of this kind of spam. If any user tries to access the spam mal then the other mails stored in the drive of the machine can be hacked by the attackers. Rootkit: In order to achieve administration level access a computer network uses the Rootkit (Bernstein, Lange and Schwabe 2012). It is basically a collection of tools that that used to access the administration level records. This can be installed by the criminals in the users device so that they can access the data from the storage. For exploiting data from the storage this can be used by the cyber criminal or hackers. Mitigation process: In order to mitigate this issue it is recommended to PeopleSharz to adopt the best suited encryption process. The public and private keys used by the organization should have to be shared by nature so that only the authorized users can access the data whenever required (Parashar and Arora 2013). However, it can be said that, they are needed to adopt cloud based technology to resolve or fix the issues of Botnets and Trojan Horses. Additionally, the strong configuration and restricted connectivity is required to be adopted to improve and enhance the efficiency level of data protection. Dependencies and Critical Success Factors to the Job In order to develop the efficiency of an organization, an organization is required to depend on the stakeholders of the organization. The users and employees of an organization are interviewed to collect different sorts of information associated to the security breaches. Host: It can be said that if the reasons of data breaches are the host providers then they are responsible for this process (Boyle 2014). Nevertheless, if the host providers are not the actual responsible person, then also they will suffer due to the violence occurred. Administration: They are the top level management team of PeopleSharz. The board of directors are also part if the administration. It is necessary for them to be aware of all the legal rules and regulations regarding privacy and security (Chen and Zhao 2012). Due to hacking massive part of PeopleSharz are affected very badly. The data stored in the database management system of the organization are hacked and publically released. Improper application of encryption key is another reason thus the administration is also responsible for the attack. Consumers: The consumers of the product of PeopleSharz are affected very badly. The attackers not only attacked the confidential data rather they shared it (Kumari and Chawla 2015). The consumers are facing technology based challenges as the hacked data are financial and personnel by nature. Employees: The employees working for PeopleSharz are mostly responsible because they were not aware of the technical terms regarding data security (Singh 2013). The rules and regulations needed to be followed by each and every employees working for the company to keep the data security. Recommendations In order to improve the security management process for PeopleSharz, certain recommendations are needed to implement. These are as follows: Secured data transition: PeopleSharz is a start up internet based company, and it needed to provide security to data during transaction from host to client. As the current system does not possess proper data security thus they must focus on transmission time data privacy. Proper encryption tools: In order to encrypt data proper encryption tools are needed t be implemented. The system does not possess all the tools thus; PeopleSharz should adopt required algorithms of data encryption. Cloud based management: Cloud based management system is needed to be implemented as it is cost effective and secured by nature. Service oriented network virtualization towards convergence of networking and cloud computing should support the SOA architecture. Secured architecture: The architecture of PeopleSharz is needed to be secured enough so that unauthorized users cannot hack the data from the data storage easily. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, PeopleSharz has not maintained all the rules and regulations that are needed to be implemented to keep the data security. Different wrong things involved in the system, are identified and the mitigation process regard that is also mentioned in this report. The hackers hacked all the confidential data from the database of PeopleSharz and almost all the associated people such as employees, administration, clients and host providers are found to be responsible and affected by the attacks. Moreover, in order to mitigate the problems or in order to improve the security management process, certain mitigations are also mentioned in this report. References: Bernstein, D.J., Lange, T. and Schwabe, P., 2012, October. The security impact of a new cryptographic library. InInternational Conference on Cryptology and Information Security in Latin America(pp. 159-176). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Boyle, M., 2014. Information Assurance Standards: A Cornerstone for Cyber Defense.Warfare,13, pp.8-18. Chen, D. and Zhao, H., 2012, March. Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Deligiannidis, L., Wiseman, C., Yun, M. and Arabnia, H.R., 2013. Security Projects for Systems and Networking Professionals.Emerging Trends in ICT Security, p.111. Deshmukh, D., Pasha, A. and Qureshi, D., 2013. Transparent Data Encryption--Solution for Security of Database Contents.arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.0418. Fernandes, D.A., Soares, L.F., Gomes, J.V., Freire, M.M. and Incio, P.R., 2014. Security issues in cloud environments: a survey.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), pp.113-170. Kumari, S. and Chawla, J., 2015. Comparative Analysis on Different Parameters of Encryption Algorithms for Information Security. Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Scalable and secure sharing of personal health records in cloud computing using attribute-based encryption.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,24(1), pp.131-143. Mahajan, P. and Sachdeva, A., 2013. A study of Encryption algorithms AES, DES and RSA for security.Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology,13(15). Mohamed, E.M., Abdelkader, H.S. and El-Etriby, S., 2012, May. Enhanced data security model for cloud computing. InInformatics and Systems (INFOS), 2012 8th International Conference on(pp. CC-12). IEEE. Nafi, K.W., Kar, T.S., Hoque, S.A. and Hashem, M.M.A., 2013. A newer user authentication, file encryption and distributed server based cloud computing security architecture.arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.0598. Parashar, A. and Arora, R., 2013. Secure user data in cloud computing using encryption algorithms.International journal of engineering research and applications,3, pp.1922-1926. Ren, K., Wang, C. and Wang, Q., 2012. Security challenges for the public cloud.IEEE Internet Computing,16(1), p.69. Rodrigues, J.J., de la Torre, I., Fernndez, G. and Lpez-Coronado, M., 2013. Analysis of the security and privacy requirements of cloud-based electronic health records systems.Journal of medical Internet research,15(8), p.e186. Singh, G., 2013. A study of encryption algorithms (RSA, DES, 3DES and AES) for information security.International Journal of Computer Applications,67(19).

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay As you already know, there’s a plenty of different essay types concerning different writing styles.   All of them have their special features and stylistic requirements, and all of them can make you ask questions like: â€Å"What should I do now?† or â€Å"Why me?†. Don’t panic, it’s just an academic writing task and there’s nothing incredibly terrific in doing that thing. Brave up, read your task carefully and thoughtfully, get your writing inspiration and break free from these desperate feelings. Everything will be all right. Let’s consider that your task is to write a cause and effect essay. If you’re not acquainted with such essay type yet and don’t even imagine what and how can be written there –feel convenient to read about essay ideas and hacks for choosing cause and effect essay topics. It goes without saying that besides choosing a topic there are some other nuances we will discuss in this writing guide. Gathering Ideas for Cause and Effect Essay The main aim of cause and effect essays is to overview some occasion or action and its consequences. So, in general cause and effect show how one thing can affect another. Seems quite clear and easy but it needs rather good analytical and creative thinking. So if your teacher gave you such task he wants to check not only your knowledge of the question discussed but thinking skills also. In general, one may suggest this essay form to be kind of a test of student’s abilities to define cause and effect. One of the greatest hints on the way to success and high points in essay writing is the interest of student, sort of motivation and space for developing his ideas into paper. Despite the fact that cause and effect essay looks quite different from, for instance, narrative essay, here you can also ponder of something from subjective point of view. Nevertheless, the brilliance of the narration and sayings should be omitted here. I mean you’d better be selective during the writing process and concentrate on the main idea, you should understand clearly what is cause and effect. What? Why? How? So how to write a cause and effect essay? At first, let me tell you about some subtleties. There are few sub-styles of cause and effect essay. It may happen that only a cause should be defined in your essay, or vice versa – only the effects of some actions or events. But usually they are both mentioned, to complete the picture of the issue discussed. If you haven’t written essays previously and hesitate what to do – look through some essay hook examples. You can easily find them on the Internet, and on our website inclusive. It’s not as difficult as it may seem to a freshman, so why not to start? The questions mentioned in this subheading actually are not random. These are the main cause and effect words. Of course there are really a lot of them, such as the following: so, because, therefore, since, if, then, that, and so on and so forth. You got it. First of all, you should go through the most important phase of your writing – define cause. So this is basically the answer on the first question – what? Describe or briefly mention (I suppose it depends on requirements of your tutor) general points of your cause. If you are writing about some historical events and their consequences – dwell upon main facts, using reliable references and sources. If your topic is more generalized – well, try to be as objective as it possible. Objectivity is your friend in this case. And then you’re just going on further, covering the rest of our questions – why did something happen, and how it affected something or someone. This is the essay outline so f ar. Still it seems quite easy to resolve, so you’ll definitely be a success. Brick By Brick Now you know what to do. And, at least I hope so, you know, why are you doing it. The matter is how you’re going to arrange it. Essay form is not really complicated here. Be consistent in your statements, and don’t forget about your old friend Objectivity, and a friend of her – Logic. If it’s better off this way for you just imagine that you are having a party with these relatively abstract concepts, bring some cookies and tea and have a nice time together, why not. But on that basis there’s no place for overloaded sophisticated phrases and word forms in you creative party, they are not invited. Every essay is worth ten others when there are no difficulties while reading and understanding the text. It seems like we’ve already mentioned the main features and tasks which are to be done in cause and effect essay. So the rest is up to you – develop it and fulfill as you think it’s necessary in your case. As a little summary for this paragraph I’ll try to point out the most important things which were discussed: Cause and effect essay requires the use of analytical and critical thinking, please, pump your skills if you have some malfunctions with that. Precision and consistency of the narrative, as in every other (or almost every other) academic writing. Cause and effect essay have sub-types, in which cause and effect can be described and discussed separately from each other as individual elements. So be attentive before start, read carefully your task. Use of cause and effect words (so, because, therefore, since, if, then, that, etc.). They are necessary in such essays, like indicators. This type of academic writing is usually intended to test knowledge of the subject or, once again, the analytical skills of the student. So refresh your awareness in the field of the topic discussed not to be a fool. Logical layout is welcomed, but there may be such cases when you need to anticipate the possible consequences by yourself, so here you can use your imagination. Of course, it’s better off without sending the dinosaurs into space on disco ball in accompaniment of Nyan Cat’s theme. But I’m not sure, maybe this variant is not so bad. Writing Cause and Effect Essay Conclusion Writing a conclusion to cause and effect essay you can just briefly sum up what you have written before, in short words. Or you can make a short reflection and make some insights based on previously written things. There’s no need in many words, remember about brevity and wit. Try to find the words which will underline the main ideas and statements given above. And†¦ is it the end? Well, you are actually at the early finish. Having this part of work done commence the essay editing. You can easily do it with the help of the Internet resources which are intended for searching and correcting the mistakes, either grammatical or in spelling. So to make sure that everything is written perfectly well and to get rid of the fear of getting bad marks just use such online essay helpers, there are really plenty of good ones. Don’t forget that intelligently arranged and well written essay is a pleasure to read, so make yours worth reading. Bottom line So, my dear reader, whoever you are! I hope you’ve found something useful while wasting your precious time on reading this modest cause and effect essay writing guide. I think I want to finish this article with several generalized thoughts which may be helpful for your future writing activities. It doesn’t really matters what is your writing task. The thing is that with creative approach and thinking, you can write almost about anything, and write interestingly. Just remember: Participate in your writing process in such way that you yourself will be interested in reading your essay. It may seem difficult for some period of time but after some practice you will understand how it works. If the inspiration doesn’t come – don’t force yourself badly, you will get nothing good out of it. Wait for some time until you will feel that you are ready with your thoughts and ideas, and then things will happen by themselves. Sometimes it happens that while writing you can overdo something. Write too many unnecessary things or useless information, which still may seem valuable for you because it’s your point of view.   There’s nothing bad in spreading your ideas but when writing academic papers we often don’t really have a right for doing things this way. Calm down, reread and rewrite until it feels good enough. It really works. Keep in mind that paragraphs are much better when not too big. Approximately ten or twelve lines for one are great. Also, it is good when the number of paragraphs does not exceed five or six. But that’s technical details. And the last one. Believe in yourself, even if you are not a literary genius, don’t give a damn. Keep trying, develop your writing skills and feel good about your progress. And it applies not only to writing. But thats another story.

Free Essays on Electorial College

Should the Electoral College be abolishd? Viewpoint: Yes The Velvet Coup Daniel Lazare begins his article by stating that Hillary Clinton and Ronald Dworkin, New York University law professor, feel that the Electoral College should be eliminated. He states that â€Å"rather than guaranteeing democratic liberties, the ancient constitution denies them.† The article goes on to include an excerpt from a speech made by former Vice President, Al Gore. In one section of the speech Gore says â€Å"we want a democracy that does not give some states greater clout in presidential elections and other states less clout merely because something called the Electoral College says that’s the way it ought to be.† The article continues to display more of Al Gores’ speech. Later in his speech he offers a proposal to his opponent. â€Å"Regardless of the outcome in the Electoral College, I propose we both promise to abide by the popular vote and only by the popular vote.† The author of the article feels that if Gore was to take such a step there would be many issues to deal with. Lazare poses the question â€Å"if Al Gore was to take such a step, what would be the consequences?† Lazare makes it a point to mention that he thinks current President, George W. Bush would be the first to act adversely to Gores’ proposal. Should the Electoral College be abolishd? Viewpoint: No Richard A. Posner Electoral College Reform Posner begins his article by stating the two criticisms of the Electoral College. He says that they are: the first complaint listed is that the Electoral College is undemocratic and the second is that the Electoral College is an unreliable device for selecting the President. He quickly defends his position and reasoning for saying that he does not feel that the Electoral College should be abolished. He defends his position by using the technique of sarcasm- which he uses very well. He says the Electoral C... Free Essays on Electorial College Free Essays on Electorial College Should the Electoral College be abolishd? Viewpoint: Yes The Velvet Coup Daniel Lazare begins his article by stating that Hillary Clinton and Ronald Dworkin, New York University law professor, feel that the Electoral College should be eliminated. He states that â€Å"rather than guaranteeing democratic liberties, the ancient constitution denies them.† The article goes on to include an excerpt from a speech made by former Vice President, Al Gore. In one section of the speech Gore says â€Å"we want a democracy that does not give some states greater clout in presidential elections and other states less clout merely because something called the Electoral College says that’s the way it ought to be.† The article continues to display more of Al Gores’ speech. Later in his speech he offers a proposal to his opponent. â€Å"Regardless of the outcome in the Electoral College, I propose we both promise to abide by the popular vote and only by the popular vote.† The author of the article feels that if Gore was to take such a step there would be many issues to deal with. Lazare poses the question â€Å"if Al Gore was to take such a step, what would be the consequences?† Lazare makes it a point to mention that he thinks current President, George W. Bush would be the first to act adversely to Gores’ proposal. Should the Electoral College be abolishd? Viewpoint: No Richard A. Posner Electoral College Reform Posner begins his article by stating the two criticisms of the Electoral College. He says that they are: the first complaint listed is that the Electoral College is undemocratic and the second is that the Electoral College is an unreliable device for selecting the President. He quickly defends his position and reasoning for saying that he does not feel that the Electoral College should be abolished. He defends his position by using the technique of sarcasm- which he uses very well. He says the Electoral C...

The Holy Grail of Peaceful Coexistence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Holy Grail of Peaceful Coexistence - Essay Example , where she enjoyed peace because of the diversity but the fall of communism as well as the outbreak of the Bosnian War hugely changed her idea about religion and tolerance. She claims that she does identify herself by religion because what it tends to support is not practical. Pasic (2010) asserts that she likes the religious teachings but does not like the discriminatory nature of religion. The society in which Pasic (2010) was brought up in a religious tolerant communist society and expected the peaceful coexistence would last forever but the society ended up suffering when the country was faced by religious conflicts. The conflicts made her join Islam and she says that what remains significant for her is promoting tolerant heritage and peaceful coexistence because she has experienced the holy grail of peaceful coexistence. There was genocide over Muslims and Pasic vows to defend and represent the many people who suffered the religious attacks. Pasic (2010) said that, â€Å"Because of genocide over Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina, I feel compelled and obliged to belong, to defend and represent hundreds of thousands of victims of this incomprehensible war†. Pasic believes that religion contributed to tribulations that her communist country faced especially the killing of Muslims. It is indeed true that many people are intolerance of others simply because of religious differences. People belonging to one religion tend to force others to believe that their god or their belief is superior compared to others. This is hypocrisy because almost all religions do not act and do what they preach. I think love is a common virtue in all the religions but ironically, it is never shown or applied appropriately. Having a different viewpoint in life should not victimize an individual because there is freedom of worship. Currently, religion brings more problems in the world more than any other thing because of the differing beliefs and perception. Muslims complain of being

Critically discuss the process of planning Health schools program Assignment

Critically discuss the process of planning Health schools program which is examining ways of addressing the growing problem of c - Assignment Example In the United States, childhood obesity is now the most widespread chronic disorder in children. In 2003, the health Survey of England has also reported that the obesity among 2-10 years old was recorded as 27.7% and 13.7% respectively. Genetic characteristics may increase the tendency of the child to have excess body weight but it is applicable only in few of the cases (Farooqi, 2005). According to the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from last three decades, the genetic characteristics of the humans have not changed. However, in the same period the prevalence of obesity has tripled among children. The other factor that causes the imbalance is behaviour. It can be caused by the excess intake of energy in the form of junk food and sugar-sweetened drinks. In addition to this, if the children are not participating in physical activities during schools, this may play a major part in consuming high calories. Other than this, children spend more time in front of television, computers, and cellular telephones (Zametktn, Zoon, Klein, and Munson, 2004). It requires little activity and may lower the children’s metabolic rate. Moreover, they tend to make unhealthy food choices because of excessive exposure of food advertisement. Schools alone cannot solve the obesity epidemic, but it is unlikely to achieve it without strong school-based programs and policies. This is because around 90 % of children are enrolled in the schools and if they develop the habit of good appetite from the beginning, only then they would be able to continue it for the rest of their life. Schools are the basic primary institutions for every field possible; hence, we can say that they can play a vital role in controlling the obesity epidemic (National Association of State Boards of Education, 2004). Initial statement of the issue In the past 30 years, the percentage of obesity has more than doubled in the children and its ratio has tripled among adolescents. Among c hildren between 6 -11 years, the frequency of obesity in 1980 was 6.5% (National Center for Health Statistics, 1999) whereas, in 1998 it has reached to 19.6%. Among adolescents, 12-19 years of age, obesity has increased from 5.0% to 18.1% in the respective years (National Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health, 2010). In the pre-school children among the age group of 2-5 years, the obesity rate has increased from 5% –10.4% between the years of 1976-1980. In years from 2007- 2008, for 6 -11 years old children the rate has increased from 6.5% -19.6% (Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, National Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2010). It is expected that the ratio of obesity in children will continue to increase if certain concrete steps are not taken against it. Therefore, on the government as well as private level, certain steps must be taken in order to move towards heal thy society. Quantify the issue In recent years, obesity has turned out to be a serious health concern for children. There are several factors involved in this process. It is seen that obesity can influence the academic development of the children. In a study, it was found that at the kindergartner’s level, overweight children were found to score significantly less in maths and in reading as compare to their non-overweight class fellows

Problem solving Essay Example for Free

Problem solving Essay Issue 7 All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the worlds most persistent social problems. I agree that it would serve the interests of all nations to establish a global university for the purpose of solving the worlds most persistent social problems. Nevertheless, such a university poses certain risks which all participating nations must be careful to minimizeor risk defeating the universitys purpose. One compelling argument in favor of a global university has to do with the fact that its faculty and students would bring diverse cultural and educational perspectives to the problems they seek to solve. It seems to me that nations can only benefit from a global university where students learn ways in which other nations address certain soda] problems-successfully or not. It might be tempting to think that an overly diversified academic community would impede communication among students and faculty. However, in my view any such concerns are unwarranted, especially considering the growing awareness of other peoples and cultures which the mass media, and especially the Internet, have created. Moreover, many basic principles used to solve enduring social problems know no national boundaries; thus a useful insight or discovery can come from a researcher or student from any nation. Another compelling argument for a global university involves the increasingly global nature of certain problems. Consider, for instance, the depletion of atmospheric ozone, which has wanned the Earth to the point that it threatens the very survival of the human species. Also, we are now learning that dear-cutting the worlds rainforests can set into motion a chain of animal extinction that threatens the delicate balance upon which all animalsincluding humansdepend. Also consider that a financial crisisor a political crisis or natural disaster in one country can spell trouble for foreign companies, many of which are now multinational in that they rely on the labor forces, equipment, and raw materials of other nations. Environmental, economic, and political problems such as these all carry grave social consequencesincreased crime, unemployment, insurrection, hunger, and so forth. Solving these problems requires global cooperationwhich a global university can facilitate. Notwithstanding the foregoing reasons why a global university would help solve many of our most pressing social problems, the establishment of such a university poses certain problems of its own which must be addressed in order that the university can achieve its objectives. First, participant nations would need to overcome a myriad of administrative and political impediments. All nations would need to agree on which problems demand the universitys attention and resources, which areas of academic research are worthwhile, as well as agreeing on policies and procedures for making, enforcing, and amending these decisions. Query whether a functional global university is politically feasible, given that sovereign nations naturally wish to advance their own agendas. A second problem inherent in establishing a global university involves the risk that certain intellectual and research avenues would become officially sanctioned while others of equal or greater potential value would be discouraged, or perhaps even proscribed. A telling example of the inherent danger of setting and enforcing official research priorities involves the Soviet governments attempts during the 1920s to not only control the direction and the goals of its scientists research but also to distort the outcome of that researchostensibly for the greatest good of the greatest number of people. Not surprisingly, during this time period no significant scientific advances occurred under the auspices of the Soviet government. The Soviet lesson provides an important caveat to administrators of a global university: Significant progress in solving pressing social problems requires an open mind to all sound ideas, approaches, and theoriesrespective of the ideologies of their proponents. A final problem with a global university is that the worlds preeminent intellectual talent might be drawn to the sorts of problems to which the university is charged with solving, while parochial social problem go unsolved. While this is not reason enough not to establish a global university, it nevertheless is a concern that university administrators and participant nations must be aware of in allocating resources and intellectual talent. To sum up, given the increasingly global nature or the worlds social problems, and the escalating costs of addressing these problems, a global university makes good sense. And, since all nations would have a common interest in seeing this endeavor succeed, my intuition is that participating nations would be able to overcome whatever procedural and political obstacles that might stand in the way of success. As long as each nation is careful not to neglect its own unique social problems, and as long as the universitys administrators are careful to remain open-minded about the legitimacy and potential value of various avenues of intellectual inquiry and research, a global university might go a long way toward solving many of the worlds pressing social problems.

Multiple Sclerosis :: essays research papers

The name itself is revealing: multiple, more than one, and sclerosis, which refers to areas of sclerotic (scarred) tissue. Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the white matter of the central nervous system.These areas of sclerosis, also referred to as lesions or plaques, occur in the white matter of the central nervous system. Gray matter consists primarily of nerve cells. Axons (nerve fibers) are the connections between the cell body and the muscles, sensory organs, and primary organs such as the heart. These nerve cells are the communication system both within the central nervous system and between it and the rest of the body. Axons are sheathed in myelin, a white substance (hence the term "white matter") that insulates them and speeds transmission of impulses along the cell fibers. Electrical impulses move along the nerve fiber to the synapse (the connection point between cells) to the next nerve cell.The lesions or plaques of multiple sclerosis are areas of tissue damage arising from inflammation, which occurs when white blood cells and fluid accumulate around blood vessels. This inflammation causes destruction of myelin. After the fragments are cleared away, a scar is formed--the lesion--in the area of demyelinization. The cause-and-effect process of inflammation and demyelinization is unclear. These lesions impede conduction of signals by blocking or slowing communication, either completely or partially and from time to time. The process can be thought of as similar to an electrical short circuit. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis result from that loss or diminution of signal conduction.MS is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. In the United States alone, there are at least 250,000 cases. For reasons that remain unclear, it is more prevalent in northern temperate zones and affects noticeably more women than men. The average age of onset is thirty years.Research into the underlying causes and processes of MS is ongoing, and in recent years, advances in virology and immunology have rapidly increased knowledge and understanding of the disease. However, its etiology remains unclear. Epidemiological studies indicate that an environmental factor, perhaps exposure to a virus, when combined with a genetic predisposition to the disease, may well control occurrence of the disease. MS is not a genetically transmitted disease. MS may also be or involve a defect of some kind in the body's autoimmune system--some part of the body may, in effect, attack itself.Diagnosis of MS is difficult.

Personal application assignment Essay

Prompt 1 I am currently employed as the Assistant City Manager/Director of Economic Development with the City of Mount Rainier, a small municipality located in Prince Georges County, Maryland. Mount Rainier is a historic residential community that borders the District of Columbia. Within the last several months, the city has been exploring the option of redeveloping its downtown district with the aims of removing blight and increasing tourism. In addition, the City of Mount Rainier has been trying to brand a new identity. As Assistant City Manager/Director of Economic Development, my role is to develop a plan that will aid the city in the revitalization its downtown retail and commercial district making it a desirable destination place. Currently, the downtown area lacks a mass of shopping, dining, and entertainment to attract visitors or residents. Along with spearheading these efforts, I am also responsible for finding funding to aid the city improve the public infrastructure that will aid in the revitalization of the downtown area. Evidently, the organization’s current orientation towards the tourism market is weak. The population has not yet been well oriented in the details of the tourism industry despite the city’s significant potential in the business. At the moment, Mount Rainier is not an obvious tourist destination. While the city does have a mix of tourist products and activities of interest for visitors, there are currently not enough infrastructures, enterprise motivation, and marketing advertisements to make a significant part of the tourism market take notice of such products. Future development in Mount Rainier will not just create a space for tourist, but will aid the city market its underutilized areas. The target customers are the local community, developers/investors and the focus is on the tourism market. It is recognized that the current economic crisis has actually caused a decline in out-of-the-country tourism for Americans and more and more Americans are going on vacation at locations in their own state or in other nearby states (Brown, 2008; Julio, 2008). This provides a market opportunity for the organization to take advantage of. Currently, the organization does not have a formal customer service rating system that can adequately measure customer satisfaction. Data on customer satisfaction is basically sourced through word-of-mouth and through survey forms given out independently by various tourism oriented services. Based on the previous topics, strong marketing and customer service management systems need to be established for the organization to take the first step in realizing its long term goals in the tourism industry. Prompt 2 The value creation and delivery sequences of the departments valued core competencies is coordinating how the City of Mount Rainier markets itself to businesses and developers, ensuring the implementation of financial packaging for development, attraction and retention. â€Å"Providing a value through specific product features, service development, pricing, sourcing and making the offer†(Kotler and Keller, 2008, p. 21). In other words, the value creation and delivery process in which has been created, gives the city the capability to understand and capture customer value, allowing the right activities for strategic planning in marketing economic development in the City of Mount Rainier. Specifically, the value chain in the organization’s efforts on tourism development begins with the identification of key tourism demands. It proceeds from this point to the customization of available resources to meet such identified demands. Finally, the products that address the identified demands are marketed and released. In line with this value chain, the core competencies of the organization include a strong expertise in conducting quantitative and qualitative research and managing communications between investor and investment representatives. Strength in formal research is known to be one of the effective components of business decision making (Hanson, 2008). With this core competency, an organization can realistically predict market outcomes and take advantage of identified opportunities. On the other hand, effective communications management is also essential in investment relations management. When an organization is able to maintain excellent communication lines, the risk of miscommunication is reduced, thereby allowing the organization to present and gather information from relevant groups accurately (Giannetto, 2006). According to Kotler and Keller, â€Å"a clear and thoughtful mission statement provides employees with a shared sensed of purpose, direction, and opportunity†(p. 27). The City of Mount Rainier’s value chain is driven by the mission statement which employees the department of economic development so heavily rely upon. As an organization, the City of Mount Rainier ‘s department of economic developments purpose is the coordination, planning, supervision, and in some cases, the execution of all programs, policies, proposals, and functions related to economic development. MDED also advises the Mayor and citizens on the most effective allocation of public resources devoted to economic development in the City. The vision of the organization is a city that is able to maximize all of its available resources and attract investors in developing all of its potential services. This envisioned city is has a stable, flourishing economy that is well managed by its officials who are empowered with decision-making information based on valid and reliable research. The mission-vision of the organization definitively plots the course of its strategic planning by setting reasonable short-term and achievable long term goals. On the short-term, the goal based on the mission is to identify key areas of development where the organization can recommend city funding to be utilized with the best possibilities for the greatest returns on investment. On the long-term, this organization intends to follow through with identified areas of development and establish programs that can explore such potentials completely. With the vision as its guiding perspective on what is the ideal, the organization studies how other cities are able to achieve similar goals in the past and determines the extent of applicability of such strategies to the City of Mount Rainier. Prompt 3 Using a classical approach, the City of Mount Rainier Department of Economic Development conducts its marketing research using an in-house research approach. The first step to this approach is drafting a brief by the manager discussing the area selected for the project. In the latter, Mayor and Council is provided with a verbal explanation and description of what is required, together with relevant background documents and samples of products or demonstration of services to be studied. Then Mayor and Council will hold public hearings to seeking the views of citizens on the proposed project. In addition, to conducting in-house marketing research the City contracts marketing research consultants to aid the city in determining the right development to build a healthy economy and increasing property tax dollars for the city. Thus, identifying and targeting development that that will be a good fit for the municipality. This approach to decision making provides a way of assessing the value of additional information that maybe inaccessible to staff. Another key aspect to this marketing research approach strategically shows comprehensive demographics, consumer demand and other feasibility studies that will be very costly and time consuming for a very small agency to conduct. Socio-cultural factors affect the intended clients since such factors are a part of the tourism experience. Many customers wish to have different cultural experiences and so diversity plays an important role. Situational factors, specifically natural phenomenon can greatly affect customer’s purchasing decisions as well. For example, the occurrence of a natural disaster such as an earthquake or hurricane can make customers shy away from the products even after rebuilding for fear of the occurrence repeating itself. On the other hand, other situations such as the occurrence of something noteworthy can be a positive factor that can draw customers to purchase tourism products. Prompt 4 The primary customer segments that the City of Mount Rainier Department of Economic Development target and provide services to are the community and investors/developers. The difference between the two entities is only what each requires from the City. As a local government, the community defines the development process challenging the undesirable and unacceptable disparities that may affect their quality of living. In other words, the community’s needs are to keep the nature that it is used to while developing sectors to gain greater financial leverage. On the other hand, investors/developers goals are to create, expand, or improve the endeavors of the city and would promote economic vitality. This requires for change to be effected by the government that would make the environment suitable for investments. These primary customer segments offer competitive positioning, increased visitation and a yield with significant growth potential. Competitive positioning allows companies to perceive and address their strengths and weaknesses against existing competitors and develop plans based on such analysis (Porter, 1980). The primary product strengths of the City of Mount Rainier are arts, theatre and cultural heritage, tourism, and accommodation. These focus areas and key strengths provide a framework to advance the commitments of strategic imperatives and guide investment throughout the city. The main advantages and uniqueness of the City of Mount Rainier, is its geographic location, local market demand and integration with other market clusters. With low-cost real estate and relatively cheaper labor costs in comparison to neighboring Washington D. C. , these attributes have been identified as key success factors for economic development. The organization can market these advantages to potential investors in order to get them to appreciate making investments in the city.